Mt Martha Vet ClinicFeeding Your Rabbit

• Fibre (hay)
• Fresh vegetables
• Avoidance of sudden changes
• NO rabbit muesli type mix!

Rabbits need high levels of fibre from hay

• to promote normal movement of their digestive system
• to wear down their teeth and
• to prevent boredom.

The single most important item in the rabbit diet is GRASS HAY, and it should be fed in unlimited quantities to adults and baby rabbits, and used as bedding material too.

Hay forms the basis of a healthy diet for your pet bunny, and it meets most of the nutritional requirements for the unique digestive and dental system of the rabbit. 75 % of a hutch-based bunny’s diet should be from grass hay.

Lucerne (or alfalfa) hay is best avoided in most rabbits, as the high levels of calcium and protein in Lucerne hay make it unsuitable for mature rabbits.

Hay is cropped grass that is left to dry in the sun, then baled and stored. Within 30 days of harvest, vitamin content has disappeared. There is also considerable variation in the nutrient content of hay (one bale of hay is not the same as another). So hay is good as a source of energy, protein, and fibre, but cannot supply vitamins.

If hay is too messy for you, then you could try Oxbow Hay Cakes™.

Secondly, bunnies need a vitamin source; this is why fresh grass and FRESH VEGETABLES are important. Offer a wide variety of fresh vegetables; whatever is in season can be fed to your rabbit. All vegetables should be fresh enough that you could eat them and not left more than 24 hours in the hutch. Things like carrot tops and strawberry tops are good starters for fussy bunnies. Veggies that are OK include all the well-coloured lettuces, Asian Greens, Dandelion Greens, and carrots. Fresh leafy herbs such as Basil, Dill, Fennel, Parsley, Sage, and Mint are all fine. Iceberg lettuce and celery stalks in large quantities are not ideal, as they are composed mainly of water, but may be given in small amounts; leafy celery tops are better.

Small amounts of fresh fruit, like strawberries and apples, are suitable but are best offered as treats for training. Fruit is not part of a rabbit’s normal diet. Access to fresh grass is good, but lawn clippings should not be fed. New items, including fresh veggies, should be introduced in small amounts as your bunny’s digestive system needs time to adjust. Also, if you normally feed a large amount of a certain vegetable, don’t stop giving it suddenly, because this can lead to all the bacteria that break down that vegetable in your rabbit’s intestine dying off suddenly and gas and gut stasis being produced. Broccoli, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts can also lead to gas production, causing digestive upsets and are best used in small amounts.

• A pellet is a dry food where all the individual pieces are identical.
• Pellets should be fed in limited quantities.

Whilst pellets are better than mixes, not all pellets are the same. With a good diet, pellets are not essential. However, a good quality pellet is useful as part of an overall balanced diet, especially for a bunny owner who is short of time and needs a simple routine.

When purchasing rabbit pellets, look for pellets that have a minimum of 20% fibre and less than 16% protein. Unfortunately, there are many products sold as rabbit foods that do not meet these requirements, so make sure you read the labels and, if in doubt, seek the advice of your vet. Remember that Rabbits are not Guinea Pigs, seek professional advice before feeding any product that claims to feed both species!!

A mix is a dry food where different components, such as grains, seeds, and kernels, can be individually identified, like a muesli. Rabbit mixes are visually appealing, and it is understandable that people want to feed their bunny something that ‘looks interesting’.

BUT ‘rabbit mixes’ have very serious problems and should not be fed at all.

Mixes were devised long before our current understanding of rabbit nutrition developed. Unfortunately, many of the rabbit food manufacturers are not following these nutrition guidelines. The levels of energy and protein in these mixes are way too high, whilst the fibre levels are much too low. This leads to obesity and increased risk of serious digestive and dental problems. To make matters worse, these limitations can often be exacerbated by the rabbit selectively eating certain grains within the mix, further increasing the risk of the above diseases.

OXBOW is a range of rabbit foods that is scientifically designed to be nutritionally balanced.

Oxbow is committed to excellence in rabbit nutrition, and their products have long been recognised for their consistent high quality and palatability.

An example of a good general-purpose pellet food is Oxbow Bunny Basics T ™ ( aka “BBT”).

A good quality pellet, such as Oxbow, can make up to 25% of the rabbits’ daily food intake, the remaining 75% being hay, grass and fresh veggies. We do not advise feeding pellets ad lib or as the only food source.

Selected Oxbow rabbit foods are now available at Mt Martha Vet Clinic. Other Oxbow product lines can be ordered upon request. For more information on rabbit nutrition, go to www.oxbowaustralia.com.

Fresh, clean water should always be available to rabbits, as it is essential for their overall health and wellbeing. Adequate water intake supports normal digestion, helps maintain healthy kidney and bladder function, and reduces the risk of dehydration and urinary problems. Rabbits rely on proper hydration to keep their gastrointestinal system moving effectively, which is vital for preventing gut stasis. Water bowls or bottles should be checked and refreshed daily to ensure the water remains clean, palatable, and easily accessible at all times.

They all grow, all the time at about 2mm per week, for their entire life — that’s just like your fingernails! If the rabbit is not feeding on something like hay that wears down the teeth continually, they start to get too long, and this causes enormous problems. Sometimes you will see these overgrown teeth at the front, but often it is the molars hidden deep in the mouth that are affected. The overgrown roots grow backwards into the jaw and the skull, and eventually you will see signs like fussy eating, lumps and drooling. A high fibre diet (ie grass or hay-based) prevents this problem as rabbits need to chew it well and so it wears down the teeth as needed.

The second reason hay is important is the rabbit’s unique digestive system. They are coprophagous. This means they consume some of their faeces and digest it a second time. This portion is called the caecotroph. The caecotroph is the softer, sticky dropping produced about 4 hours after eating. By eating the caecotrophs, they get maximal vitamins and nutrition from their food. Consumption of the caecotroph is a normal and essential part of their digestive process. Usually, it is not observed by the owners. When a rabbit is unwell, sometimes it stops eating its caecotrophs. The soft sticky caecotroph looks very different to normal faeces and is sometimes mistaken for diarrhoea.

Production of caecotrophs requires fibre in the diet. If they have insufficient fibre, they will not produce caecotrophs and can develop an inactive gut, which we call gut stasis. Gut stasis is a life-threatening condition. Hay provides the fibre that prevents gut stasis and promotes normal faeces formation.

It is worth trying to get your bunny onto a healthier diet. The key here is gradual change. Your bunnies’ digestive system is used to a low-fibre, low-moisture diet, and sudden changes could cause upset. Your bunny may also be unable to recognise new, more appropriate items as food. Start to use hay as bedding and introduce any new items in small amounts and over a time frame of 3-4 weeks. Gradually reduce the amount of mix you are feeding. Gradually introduce to the rabbit mix Oxbow 15/23 pellets. This pellet is designed for growing & pregnant rabbits, and the higher energy levels make it more appealing to a bunny that is used to a high-energy mix. Gradually add small amounts of fresh vegetables once you have achieved the transition to Oxbow 15/23, and then start transitioning to Oxbow Bunny Basics. If you are unable to make the transition to BBT, don’t worry, feeding 15/23 + hay is still a substantial improvement on what you were previously feeding.